Analytical techniques for laboratory testing of HIV: a systematic review

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), remains a significant global public health threat. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce HIV viral loads to undetectable levels. However, due to the persistence of HIV reservoirs, ART can not completely eradicate the HIV infection. The early initiation of ART can significantly reduce HIV reservoir and bolster immune response, thereby improving the prognosis of HIV-infected patients. Early detection and diagnosis are essential prerequisites for the timely initiation of ART and are crucial measures for the prevention and control of the HIV epidemic. In addition, the timely monitoring of viral loads and reservoirs in patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of antiviral treatment and predicting plasma viral rebound, which helps to minimize the waste of public resources. In recent years, a variety of detection methods for HIV infection have been developed, tailored to different scenarios based on antigen, antibody, and nucleic acid detection targets, which have further shortened detection window period and enhanced detection accuracy. This article reviews the principles, scope, and prospects of HIV infection detection technology, aiming to provide a reference for developing novel HIV infection detection strategies.