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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Modulating Bacteroides to boost anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in HCC.

Xiaoqiang Qi1, Ming Yang1,2, Xinjian Liu1

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.

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|February 17, 2026
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Summary

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron enhances anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by reprogramming dendritic cells. This gut bacterium improves anti-tumor immunity, offering a novel strategy to boost treatment outcomes in HCC patients.

Keywords:
DendriticHepatocellular CarcinomaImmune Checkpoint InhibitorImmune modulatoryToll-like receptor - TLR

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Gut microbiota critically influences the gut-liver axis, impacting liver cancer development and immunotherapy response.
  • Specific microbial roles and mechanisms in hepatocarcinogenesis and immunotherapy remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the gut microbiota's role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) immunotherapy efficacy.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which gut microbes modulate anti-tumor immunity in HCC.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized murine HCC models and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze tumor-associated microbial signatures.
  • Manipulated gut microbiota using antibiotics (ABX-3), microbial supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT).
  • Employed single-cell RNA sequencing and functional experiments to identify immune mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Bacteroides-enriched microbiota from responsive HCC patients suppressed tumor growth in mice.
  • Antibiotic treatment (ABX-3) enriched Bacteroides, attenuated HCC progression, and enhanced T cell responses.
  • Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B.th) potentiated anti-PD-1 therapy by relieving KLF2-dependent suppression in dendritic cells (DCs).

Conclusions:

  • B.th enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in HCC by reprogramming DCs via the KLF2/TLR9 signaling pathway.
  • This study identifies a microbiota-informed strategy to improve immunotherapy outcomes in HCC.