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Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

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The Diet-Multiple Sclerosis Connection: Oxidative Stress and Emerging Mechanisms.

Candida Bucciero¹, Alessandra Croce¹, Giuliano Castellano¹

¹Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.

Molecular Neurobiology

|February 17, 2026

Summary

Dietary interventions targeting oxidative stress show promise for multiple sclerosis (MS) management. Natural compounds in certain diets can enhance Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity, potentially improving MS outcomes.

Keywords:

Diets Epigenome G-quadruplexes Multiple sclerosis Oxidative stress

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Published on: September 17, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology and Nutritional Neuroscience

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease characterized by myelin damage and progressive disability.
Oxidative stress is a key factor in MS pathogenesis and disease progression.
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a critical regulator of antioxidant responses, and its activation shows therapeutic benefits in MS.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of oxidative stress in MS.
To explore the potential of dietary strategies and Nrf2-modulating natural compounds as non-pharmacological treatments for MS.
To discuss novel mechanisms like epigenetic regulation and G-quadruplexes in MS and their potential nutritional targeting.

Main Methods:

Literature review summarizing existing research on oxidative stress, Nrf2, diet, and MS.
Analysis of preclinical and clinical evidence for dietary interventions and natural compounds in MS.
Discussion of emerging mechanisms including epigenetics and G-quadruplexes in relation to Nrf2 activation.

Main Results:

Dietary regimens and natural compounds found in Mediterranean, ketogenic, and Paleolithic diets can enhance Nrf2 activity.
These dietary approaches have demonstrated beneficial effects in preclinical MS models.
Emerging evidence suggests epigenetic modifications and G-quadruplexes may be influenced by Nrf2-boosting compounds, offering new therapeutic avenues.

Conclusions:

Dietary modulation of Nrf2 presents a promising therapeutic strategy for MS patients, supported by preclinical and some clinical data.
Epigenetic mechanisms and G-quadruplexes represent innovative, albeit less explored, targets for nutritional interventions in MS.
Further research is needed to validate the therapeutic potential of targeting G-quadruplexes and to fully elucidate the role of epigenetic modifications in Nrf2-mediated MS treatment.