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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids
Published on: November 18, 2022
Stability, digestive, and absorptive properties of astaxanthin ester-loaded Pickering emulsions evaluated using in
Lu Yang1, Xiaohui Liu2, Hongwei Zheng3
1College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition & Health Innovation, Qingdao 266109, China.
Abstract:
In this study, a food-grade Pickering emulsion (PE) system was fabricated using chitosan/guar gum nanoparticle (CGN) to enhance the stability and bioavailability of astaxanthin ester (ASTE). The storage and thermal stability assessments demonstrated that the CGN-stabilized, ASTE-loaded Pickering emulsion (CGN-ASTE-PE) with an oil fraction of 0.5 and pH 4.0 to 6.0 exhibited excellent physicochemical properties. In addition, the CGN-ASTE-PE showed strong resistance to gastric acid-induced degradation during simulated gastric digestion. The free fatty acids (FFA) release rate of CGN-ASTE-PE (63.39 ± 2.49 %) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of a Tween 80-stabilized ASTE-loaded emulsion (TW-ASTE-TE: 43.58 ± 2.17 %) in vitro. The AUC0-24 value following oral gavage of CGN-ASTE-PE (10.44 ± 0.40 h·μg/mL) was 2.9-fold higher than that of the control (ASTE-O: ASTE dispersed in olive oil) in vivo. These experimental results suggest that CGN-stabilized Pickering emulsions represent a promising delivery system to improve the stability and oral bioavailability of ASTE.
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