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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Vital Signs01:25

Introduction to Vital Signs

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Vital signs are physiological measurements that help key into the status of the body's essential functions. These include body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, commonly abbreviated as T, P, R, and BP. Some healthcare settings also consider oxygen saturation (SpO2) and, in specific contexts, pain and level of consciousness as additional vital signs.
Vital signs help healthcare professionals assess an individual's well-being and detect any functional changes...
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Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs01:19

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Following these guidelines can help nurses accurately measure vital signs, assess changes in patient conditions, and provide timely treatment when necessary. Adhering closely to the guidelines ensures the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Before taking a patient's vital signs, a nurse would consider and assess the patient's comfort level and ensure appropriate equipment is available.
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Flow Sheet01:17

Flow Sheet

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Flowsheets are valuable tools in nursing documentation. They enable healthcare professionals to efficiently record and monitor various patient assessments and measurements in a consolidated format.
Here's a closer look at the examples of flowsheets commonly used by nurses:
Graphic Sheet Documentation:
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Methods of Documentation V: CBE01:23

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Charting by Exception, or CBE, is a method of documentation used in healthcare, particularly in nursing, that focuses on documenting only significant or abnormal findings rather than recording every detail. This approach aims to streamline the documentation process, improve efficiency, and ensure that healthcare providers can quickly identify deviations from normalcy in patient assessments.
In CBE, healthcare professionals establish predefined standards of practice that define what constitutes...
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Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate01:20

Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate

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Assessment of Ventilation
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
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Towards Evidence-Based Vital Sign Reference Ranges: Centile Charts From Discharge Data in a UK Paediatric Hospital.

Nicky Taylor1, Petra Wark2, Jane Coad3,4

  • 1Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.

Nursing in Critical Care
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New vital signs charts for children at hospital discharge show current reference ranges may be inaccurate. This study developed age-specific centile charts for respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure in UK paediatric patients.

Keywords:
centileschildinfantreference standardsregression analysisvital signs

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Area of Science:

  • Paediatric critical care medicine
  • Clinical physiology
  • Health informatics

Background:

  • Lack of consensus on acceptable vital signs for hospitalised paediatric patients.
  • Need for reliable reference ranges for clinical decision-making in paediatric care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop age-specific centile charts for respiratory rate, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure at hospital discharge.
  • Evaluate alignment of new charts with existing international paediatric vital signs reference ranges.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study at a UK tertiary paediatric hospital (2014-2019).
  • Utilised routinely collected vital signs data from 66,356 paediatric inpatient admission episodes (0-19 years).
  • Generated centile charts using Quantile restricted cubic splines regression.

Main Results:

  • New centile charts for paediatric vital signs at discharge are presented.
  • Existing Advanced Paediatric Life Support (APLS) reference ranges for respiratory rate and blood pressure show poor alignment with derived centiles.
  • Heart rate centiles align well, but significant variance exists with other clinical reference ranges, particularly at upper centiles.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first description of paediatric physiological observations and centile charts from a UK Children's hospital.
  • Current widely used vital signs reference ranges may be inadequate for evaluating paediatric patients, necessitating updated clinical guidelines.