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Related Concept Videos

Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Reflex Activity01:08

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A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
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A Robust Approach to Quantify Nocifensive Blink Reflex Responsiveness.

R J Bufacchi1,2,3, R Somervail2,4, K Shao1

  • 1International Center for Primate Brain Research (ICPBR), Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Branch, Shanghai, China.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers propose new criteria for the hand-blink reflex (HBR), a defensive response measure. New guidelines suggest collecting data from all participants and using objective blinker criteria, finding no distinct biological responder categories.

Keywords:
electromyography (EMG)hand‐blink reflex (HBR)nervous systemnocifensive behaviourresponder classificationresponse variability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The hand-blink reflex (HBR) is a nocifensive response used to study defensive behavior and peripersonal space.
  • Participant responsiveness to HBR is highly variable, leading to inconsistent inclusion criteria in studies.
  • Existing criteria for HBR responders versus non-responders lack clear justification and may not reflect distinct biological categories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate and refine objective criteria for classifying HBR responsiveness.
  • To determine if a clear biological distinction exists between HBR responders and non-responders.
  • To propose reliable and consistent inclusion criteria for HBR studies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic variation of parameters to establish an objective, quantifiable criterion for HBR responsiveness.
  • Analysis of HBR data to assess reliability and consistency with previous findings.
  • Evaluation of participant data to test for biological distinctions between response groups.

Main Results:

  • Developed reliable and consistent classification criteria for HBR responsiveness.
  • Found no evidence supporting a clear biological distinction between HBR responders and non-responders.
  • Identified specific criteria for including participants based on HBR amplitude relative to baseline EMG in near-hand conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Recommends against preliminary screening of subjects for HBR studies.
  • Proposes objective inclusion criteria: mean rectified HBR exceeding 2.5 SD of baseline EMG in >=40% of hand-near trials.
  • Suggests these criteria can be adapted for other neurophysiological responses in research and clinical settings.