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Related Concept Videos

Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating
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Quantifying Impacts of Biomass Pelletization on Fast Pyrolysis Using a Single-Particle Reactor, X‑ray Computed

Meagan F Crowley1, Reinhard Seiser1, Mario Alejandro Sánchez Posada2

  • 1National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, Colorado 15013, United States.

Energy & Fuels : an American Chemical Society Journal
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pelletizing biomass feedstocks for fast pyrolysis significantly alters pore structure, slowing conversion and increasing char. Accurate computational models must account for these microstructural changes for optimized biofuel production.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomass thermochemical conversion
  • Biofuel production
  • Lignocellulosic feedstock characterization

Background:

  • Pore structure and density of lignocellulosic feedstocks are critical for intraparticle transport during thermochemical conversion.
  • Biomass microstructure varies by species and preprocessing techniques like pelletization, affecting pyrolysis behavior.
  • Morphological changes during pyrolysis influence pore structure, conversion times, and product distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively compare the fast pyrolysis of neat versus pelletized pine feedstocks.
  • To investigate the impact of pelletization on particle-scale transport phenomena and conversion behavior.
  • To validate particle-scale models with experimental data and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Single-particle fast pyrolysis experiments with neat and pelletized pine.
  • Development of a particle-scale model incorporating anisotropic heat and mass transport and CRECK mechanism reactions.
  • 3D imaging using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) for quantitative microstructural analysis.

Main Results:

  • Pelletization created denser, less permeable pine feedstock, leading to slower pyrolysis and higher char yield compared to neat pine.
  • Pyrolytic conversion increased char porosity and permeability while decreasing tortuosity and anisotropy.
  • Particle modeling demonstrated the critical importance of dynamic, anisotropic transport for accurate simulation.

Conclusions:

  • Pelletization significantly alters biomass conversion behavior during fast pyrolysis.
  • Microstructural attributes, particularly pore structure and anisotropy, must be incorporated into computational models for accurate pyrolysis process design.
  • Understanding these microstructural effects is essential for optimizing biofuel and biochemical production from lignocellulosic feedstocks.