Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: from mechanisms to screening and exercise intervention

Area of Science:

• Pediatrics
• Metabolic Health
• Public Health

Background:

• Early-onset obesity is a growing public health concern linked to metabolic diseases.
• Insulin resistance (IR) is a key pathological factor in metabolic diseases and predicts future chronic illness.
• The insidious onset of IR necessitates early predictive models for effective prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents.
• To discuss current screening methods for identifying early insulin resistance.
• To examine the role and optimal parameters of exercise interventions for preventing or managing IR in this population.

Main Methods:

• This study is a narrative review of existing literature.
• Searched databases for studies on obesity, insulin resistance, children, adolescents, screening, and exercise.
• Synthesized findings on mechanisms, screening tools, and exercise interventions.

Main Results:

• Obesity is a primary driver of insulin resistance in pediatric populations.
• Early identification of IR is crucial but challenging due to its subtle onset.
• Exercise demonstrates efficacy in preventing IR, though optimal intensity and dosage remain debated.

Conclusions:

• Addressing early-onset obesity and insulin resistance in children and adolescents is critical for long-term health.
• Further research is needed to refine screening tools and establish evidence-based exercise guidelines.
• Integrated strategies involving early detection and tailored exercise interventions are essential for public health.