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Decoding P300 as a shared neural mechanism for oddball target detection and working memory updating.

Weixing Yang1,2, Shuoqi Xiang3, Bijuan Huang4

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China.

Iscience
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The P300 brainwave component, crucial for context and working memory (WM) updating, is shared between oddball target detection and WM tasks. This suggests a common neural basis for these cognitive processes.

Keywords:
Biocomputational methodCognitive neuroscienceSystems neuroscience

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • The P300 is a prominent event-related potential linked to context updating and working memory (WM).
  • Its role in both oddball target detection and WM tasks suggests overlapping neural mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the P300 component shares neural representations between oddball target detection and WM updating.
  • To test the hypothesis of shared neural mechanisms using cross-task decoding.

Main Methods:

  • Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) applied to electroencephalography (EEG) data.
  • Cross-task decoding was performed between an oddball task and an n-back task (a WM paradigm).

Main Results:

  • Classifiers trained on EEG data from one task successfully decoded patterns from the other task.
  • Decoding accuracy was highest within the P300 time window and concentrated in the parietal/occipital regions.

Conclusions:

  • The P300 exhibits shared neural representations for oddball target detection and WM updating.
  • These findings provide evidence for the WM updating account of the P300 based on neural representation.