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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Shoulder surgery preparation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Rajpal S Narulla^1,2, Ryan Ting², Stone Sima^1,2

¹Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Campus, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques

|February 18, 2026

Summary

Benzoyl peroxide and pre-operative skin preparation solutions show the lowest culture positivity rates for shoulder surgery. Further research is needed to optimize perioperative shoulder preparation protocols.

Keywords:

Microbiome Shoulder arthroplasty Shoulder colonization Shoulder infections Shoulder preparation Shoulder surgery

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Infectious Disease Prevention
Microbiology

Background:

Shoulder surgical site infections are a significant complication.
Prevention relies heavily on surgical preparation solutions.
Effectiveness and usage of these solutions vary widely.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the most effective shoulder surgical site preparation methods.
To review the literature on preventing surgical site infections in shoulder surgery.

Main Methods:

Systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines.
Inclusion of human clinical studies on shoulder skin preparation.
Searched English databases from 1980 to 2025 for relevant terms.

Main Results:

Lowest culture positivity rates (27.1%) associated with benzoyl peroxide.
Prior-to-day-of-surgery preparation (30.5%) also showed lower positivity.
Non-alcohol solutions (24.8%) were more effective than alcohol-based ones (37.2%).

Conclusions:

Current surgical preparation solutions have limitations in preventing day-of-surgery positivity.
Even robust protocols result in high culture positivity rates.
Further trials are necessary to standardize perioperative shoulder preparation.