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Related Concept Videos

P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2026

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids
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Nanoparticle-Mediated Interface Engineering for Uniform, Reproducible Electron Transport Layers in Scalable

Charlie Henderson1, Adriano S Marques2, Izabela S Bicalho2

  • 1Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Printing metal oxide nanoparticle interlayers improves large-area perovskite solar cell performance. This scalable method enhances electron transport layers, boosting efficiency and reducing device failures for manufacturable solar energy solutions.

Keywords:
interface engineeringinterfacial charge extractionperovskitesphotovoltaicsscalable processing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Lab-scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs) face challenges in achieving comparable performance in large-area, manufacturable devices.
  • Efficient electron transport layers (ETLs) are crucial for PSC performance, but solution-processed methods can lead to morphological defects.
  • Interface engineering is key to overcoming limitations in current PSC technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of printed metal oxide nanoparticle interlayers (Al2O3 and SnO2) for controlling morphology and energetics of PC61BM ETLs in flexible PSCs.
  • To elucidate the distinct roles of insulating (Al2O3) and semiconducting (SnO2) nanoparticle interlayers in carrier dynamics.
  • To establish a scalable route for improving the performance and yield of large-area printed PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Printing of Al2O3 and SnO2 nanoparticle interlayers onto solution-processed PC61BM ETLs in flexible PSCs.
  • Systematic device characterization, including morphological, spectroscopic, and energetic analysis.
  • Drift-diffusion simulations to understand carrier extraction and recombination mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticle interlayers improved ETL uniformity, reduced pinholes, and increased shunt resistance, leading to a 50% reduction in device failure rates.
  • Al2O3 interlayers suppressed interfacial recombination and improved reproducibility, while SnO2 interlayers enhanced electronic coupling and charge extraction.
  • A champion PCE of 11.0% was achieved for small-area devices (0.5 cm2) with SnO2 interlayers; larger modules (7.2 cm2) demonstrated manufacturing robustness.

Conclusions:

  • Metal oxide nanoparticle interlayers offer a simple, effective, and scalable strategy for interface engineering in printed PSCs.
  • This approach significantly improves both the performance (PCE) and yield of large-area, flexible perovskite solar cells.
  • The findings provide a valuable framework for advancing the manufacturability of PSC technology.