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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
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Energy-Level-Selective Dye Sensitization Enables Enhanced Ultraviolet Upconversion Emission.

Fei Zhao1, Fan Ding1, Fei Du1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel dye-sensitization strategy dramatically enhances ultraviolet (UV) upconversion emission from thulium (Tm3+) nanoparticles. This breakthrough achieves a three-orders-of-magnitude improvement, enabling efficient UV generation for photochemical applications.

Keywords:
dye sensitizationlanthanideultraviolet emissionupconversion luminescence

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Ultraviolet (UV) upconversion emission is crucial for photophysical and photochemical transformations.
  • Conventional ytterbium (Yb3+)-sensitized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have limitations in generating intense, spectrally focused UV emission due to weak absorption and energy dispersion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a direct dye-sensitization strategy to significantly enhance thulium (Tm3+)-based UV upconversion emission.
  • To investigate the mechanism of dye-sensitized upconversion and its efficiency compared to conventional methods.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cyanine dye Cy5 as a molecular antenna for direct sensitization of Tm3+.
  • Employed 635 nm excitation to selectively populate the Tm3+ 1D2 state.
  • Investigated energy transfer pathways and emission characteristics through mechanistic studies.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a three-orders-of-magnitude enhancement in Tm3+ UV upconversion emission using dye sensitization compared to conventional 980 nm excitation.
  • Generated intense UV (361 nm) and blue (451 nm) emission through direct energy transfer from photo-excited Cy5 to Tm3+.
  • Demonstrated the practical utility of Cy5-sensitized Tm3+ UV emission in facilitating photochemical reactions in a microreactor.

Conclusions:

  • The direct dye-sensitization approach provides a versatile platform for creating bright, spectrally concentrated UV upconversion systems.
  • This method overcomes limitations of conventional UCNPs, offering enhanced UV generation for photochemical, photocatalytic, and photonic applications.
  • The developed system shows significant potential for advancing UV-based technologies.