Recent Advances in Wireless Smart Contact Lenses for Ophthalmic Health Management and Eye-Function Enhancement

Realizing the full potential of ophthalmic health management and eye-machine interaction via continuous physical, chemical, and physiological signal monitoring and eye movement encoding, eye-wearable devices necessitate more comfort, wireless, and integration. Wireless smart contact lenses (WSCLs), as a non-invasive wireless multifunctional eye-wearable platform that fully satisfies the requirements of monitoring ocular information and treating eye diseases, have garnered significant attention. This comprehensive review summarizes the recent progress in the design, fabrication, and application of WSCLs. First, we introduce the design methodology through a systematic analysis of the substrates, multifunctional coils, and capacitive components, with particular emphasis on the interrelationships among material selection, structural optimization, and performance parameters. Subsequently, the circuit configurations of WSCLs are delineated, focusing on the functional contributions of individual components within the circuitry. Following the fabrication processes employed in WSCLs production are analyzed, with specific attention to the processing techniques tailored for diverse material types. Finally, the application prospects of WSCLs in health monitoring, disease treatment, and human-machine interaction are comprehensively summarized, accompanied by a forward-looking perspective on future developmental trajectories.