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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

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This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

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Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
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Intrinsic Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Rates in H2O/D2O Mixtures.

Antonio Grimaldi1, Michele Stofella1, Emanuele Paci1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|February 18, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a method to predict protein amide exchange rates in water/deuterium oxide mixtures for hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments. The approach corrects for back exchange, improving structural dynamics analysis in HDX-MS and HDX-NMR.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) is crucial for studying protein dynamics.
  • Accurate interpretation of HDX data requires understanding intrinsic exchange rates.
  • Back exchange in mixed H2O/D2O solvents complicates quantitative analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a practical method for predicting amide exchange rates in H2O/D2O mixtures.
  • To account for the non-trivial dependence of exchange rates on solvent composition and acidity.
  • To provide a framework for correcting back exchange in HDX experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Combining known second-order reference rates from pure solvents.
  • Utilizing established empirical descriptions of H2O/D2O mixtures.
  • Developing explicit expressions for forward and back exchange rates.

Main Results:

  • The method accurately predicts exchange rates in mixed solvents.
  • The framework recovers known limits in pure H2O and D2O.
  • Predicted fractionation factor (ϕ=1.20) closely matches experimental values (1.22).

Conclusions:

  • A physically motivated model for amide exchange in mixed solvents is established.
  • This method offers a practical approach to correct for back exchange in HDX-MS and HDX-NMR.
  • Improved quantitative interpretation of protein structural dynamics using HDX is enabled.