Next-Generation Microencapsulation Technologies for Probiotic Protection and Precision Delivery

Probiotics offer well-documented benefits, including improved gastrointestinal function, microbiota modulation, and immune enhancement. However, their therapeutic potential is limited by poor survival during oral delivery due to gastric acid, bile salts, and pathological gut conditions. Microencapsulation has emerged as a transformative strategy to enhance probiotic viability by shielding them from environmental stressors. This review comprehensively examines cutting-edge microencapsulation materials and innovative techniques that improve probiotic stability under thermal, oxidative, and gastrointestinal stresses. We highlight advanced delivery systems, such as pH-responsive and inflammation-targeted microcapsules, which enable precise intestinal release and enhanced colonisation. Additionally, we critically assess safety considerations and industrial scalability challenges, emphasising the need for biocompatible materials and cost-effective production. By integrating recent breakthroughs with practical applications, this review underscores the potential of next-generation microencapsulation to enable safer, more efficient, and personalised probiotic therapies.