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Polylactic acid versus polypropylene microplastics: ecotoxicological effects on Gammarus aequicauda using a

Francesca Biandolino1, Amalia Amato2, Maria Costantini2

  • 1National Research Council, Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), Via Roma, 3, 74123, Taranto, Italy.

Marine Pollution Bulletin
|February 18, 2026
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Summary

This study found that both polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics harm the amphipod Gammarus aequicauda. Chronic exposure negatively impacts growth, reproduction, and survival, highlighting ecological risks.

Keywords:
Acute and chronic testGammarus aequicaudaGene expressionMicroplasticsPolylactic acidPolypropylene

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Marine Biology
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants.
  • Fossil-based polymers (e.g., polypropylene, PP) and bioplastics (e.g., polylactic acid, PLA) are common MP sources.
  • Understanding the ecotoxicological effects of different MP types is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the toxic effects of PP and PLA microplastics on the marine amphipod Gammarus aequicauda.
  • To assess impacts on acute toxicity, growth, reproduction, and stress gene expression.
  • To evaluate the ecological risk posed by commercial microplastics.

Main Methods:

  • Acute toxicity tests (96-h LC₅₀) were conducted for PP and PLA MPs.
  • Sub-lethal chronic exposure (60 days) assessed growth and reproduction.
  • Gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR) of seven stress-related genes was performed.

Main Results:

  • Polypropylene (PP) showed higher acute toxicity (LC₅₀ = 34.71 mg/L) than polylactic acid (PLA) (LC₅₀ > 100 mg/L).
  • Chronic exposure to both PP and PLA reduced growth and prolonged embryonic development.
  • PP exposure led to the most significant reproductive impairment and reduced survival rates.

Conclusions:

  • Commercially derived PP and PLA microplastics induce physiological and reproductive stress in Gammarus aequicauda.
  • Both MP types elicit complex, time-dependent stress responses at the gene expression level.
  • The findings underscore the potential ecological risks of microplastic pollution from both fossil-based and bioplastic sources.