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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Resistive Touchscreen01:14

Design Example: Resistive Touchscreen

A device engineer plays a crucial role in designing user interfaces for mobile devices. One such interface is the resistive touchscreen, which fundamentally consists of two metallic layers: a flexible upper layer and a rigid lower layer, separated by a narrow gap. The high resistance between these two layers is a key characteristic of this design.
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Related Experiment Video

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Haptic/Graphic Rehabilitation: Integrating a Robot into a Virtual Environment Library and Applying it to Stroke Therapy
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Automated vehicle's human-machine interfaces design with haptic feedback: A meta-analysis.

Ruiheng Lan1, Xu Sun2, Qingfeng Wang3

  • 1School of Art and Design, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.

Applied Ergonomics
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Haptic feedback in automated vehicles (AVs) improves driver response times during takeover requests (TORs), especially for visually demanding non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs). Hand-based feedback and multimodal alerts offer the fastest responses.

Keywords:
Automated vehicleHaptic feedbackHuman-machine interfaceMeta-analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Automotive Engineering
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Automated vehicles (AVs) allow drivers to perform non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs), complicating safe control transitions.
  • Haptic feedback is a potential solution for takeover requests (TORs), but its optimal application is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize empirical evidence on haptic feedback's effectiveness in AV TORs.
  • To compare haptic feedback with other modalities (visual, auditory, multimodal) and analyze moderating factors like feedback location and NDRT type.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of 19 empirical studies investigating driver response times during TORs.
  • Comparative analysis across different feedback modalities (haptic, visual, auditory, multimodal).
  • Moderation analyses examining feedback location and NDRT categories.

Main Results:

  • Haptic feedback significantly improves driver response times compared to visual feedback, particularly during visually demanding NDRTs.
  • Multimodal feedback further enhances performance over haptic feedback alone.
  • Hand-based haptic feedback generally yields faster responses than seat-based feedback, with context-dependent variations.

Conclusions:

  • Haptic feedback is a promising modality for enhancing safety in AVs during TORs.
  • Feedback location and NDRT context are critical design considerations for optimizing haptic TOR systems.
  • Further research should explore nuanced haptic designs and their integration into diverse AV scenarios.