Exploring positive psychology in robot-assisted language learning: A PERMA-based systematic review

This systematic review explores the intersection of positive psychology and robot-assisted language learning (RALL), focusing on how affective factors contribute to language learning and learner well-being. Unlike previous reviews, this study systematically maps RALL research onto the PERMA framework (Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment), offering a novel psychological perspective. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, this study synthesizes findings from 31 empirical studies to analyze how robotic characteristics influence learners' psychological well-being, motivation, and engagement. Results indicate that RALL enhances positive emotions, reduces anxiety, and fosters motivation, with humanoid robots significantly increasing learner engagement. However, the evidence base is characterized by methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and a lack of longitudinal research. Furthermore, the dimensions of Meaning and Accomplishment remain underexplored. By integrating positive psychology principles, this review provides a structured analysis of the current state of RALL research and offers a theory-driven roadmap for future inquiry. The study highlights the need for more methodologically robust research that moves beyond novelty effects to investigate how specific robot features can be designed to support sustained, holistic learner flourishing.