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Identification of a Murine Erythroblast Subpopulation Enriched in Enucleating Events by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

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Estrobolome: Is there a missing link?

Giuseppe Benagiano¹, Nicola Pluchino², David Archer³

¹Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Geneva, Switzerland.

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

|February 18, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome

Keywords:

Arylsulfatases Beta-glucuronidases Conjugated estrogens Estrobolome Gut microbiome

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Microbiology
Gastroenterology

Background:

Estrogens are vital hormones influencing women's health, with disruptions linked to conditions like endometriosis.
The gut microbiome (GM) significantly impacts estrogen levels by metabolizing these hormones.
Microbial enzymes like β-glucuronidase (β-GLC) and steroid sulfatases (STS) play key roles in estrogen metabolism within the GM.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of gut microbial steroid sulfatases (STS) in estrogen metabolism.
To compare the significance of STS activity versus β-glucuronidase (β-GLC) activity in reactivating estrogens in the gut.
To understand the implications of microbial estrogen reactivation on enterohepatic recirculation and systemic estrogen levels.

Main Methods:

Analysis of microbial enzyme activity within the gut microbiome.
Investigation of estrogen sulfate conversion by bacterial enzymes.
Assessment of estrogen metabolism pathways involving β-GLC and STS.

Main Results:

Gut microbes possess steroid sulfatases (STS) capable of converting inactive estrogen sulfates into active estrogens.
Estrone sulfate (E1S), a major circulating estrogen, can be reactivated by microbial STS in the intestines.
This reactivation allows for enterohepatic recirculation of active estrogens, potentially influencing systemic estrogen levels.

Conclusions:

Gut microbial steroid sulfatases (STS) are crucial players in estrogen metabolism.
The activity of STS in reactivating estrogen sulfates may be more significant than β-GLC in regulating systemic estrogen concentrations.
Understanding the role of microbial STS is vital for comprehending estrogen-related conditions and hormonal balance.