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Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

4.0K
For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
4.0K
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

2.9K
Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
2.9K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.1K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.1K
Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

1.7K
The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
1.7K
Members Made of Elastoplastic Material01:19

Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

535
The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
As the bending moment...
535
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

468
Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
468

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators
07:51

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Published on: July 2, 2012

17.0K

Accessible, All-Polymer Metasurfaces: Low Effort, High Quality Factor.

Michael Hirler1, Alexander A Antonov1, Enrico Baù1

  • 1Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany.

ACS Nano
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a simpler method to create high-performance optical metasurfaces using a common polymer. This breakthrough makes advanced optical devices more accessible and sustainable for various applications.

Keywords:
bound states in the continuumlow-index photonicsmetasurfacesnanofabricationpolymers

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Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
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Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

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Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
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Last Updated: May 2, 2026

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Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
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Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms
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Area of Science:

  • Nanophotonics and Metamaterials
  • Polymer Science
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Optical metasurfaces with high quality factors are crucial for advanced optics but require complex fabrication.
  • Current methods involve costly, time-consuming, multi-step processes like deposition and etching.
  • These limitations hinder accessibility, scalability, and sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified, cost-effective fabrication method for high-quality optical metasurfaces.
  • To repurpose poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a resonator material, bypassing complex etching steps.
  • To demonstrate a bilayer freestanding membrane approach for enhanced optical performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a bilayer spin-coating technique with PMMA as the resonator material.
  • Employed standard photolithography (exposure and development) without metal/dielectric deposition or etching.
  • Characterized the resulting freestanding polymer membrane using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy nanoindentation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated all-polymer metasurfaces with high quality factors (up to 523) at visible and near-infrared wavelengths.
  • Achieved high-quality nanopatterns by circumventing etching-induced defects.
  • Demonstrated geometry-based tuning of resonance line width and position, and characterized mechanical properties (spring constant, pretension).

Conclusions:

  • The novel fabrication method significantly enhances accessibility and sustainability for high-performance metasurfaces.
  • The all-polymer approach enables unique applications like material blending and mechanical resonance tuning.
  • This technique paves the way for cost-effective, high-performance optical devices.