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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Patient-Specific Polyvinyl Alcohol Phantom Fabrication with Ultrasound and X-Ray Contrast for Brain Tumor Surgery Planning

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A High-Definition 3D-Printed Anthropomorphic MR Head Phantom.

Stefan Popescu¹, Thomas Allmendinger², Reut Reina³

¹Siemens Healthineers AG, Erlangen, Germany.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

|February 18, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers can now create realistic MRI phantoms using 3D printing and patient scans. This method simplifies phantom production, making high-definition, custom anatomical models accessible to scientists and clinicians.

Keywords:

3D printing MRI phantoms anthropomorphic phantoms

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Custom MRI phantoms are crucial for research and clinical applications.
Existing methods for creating anthropomorphic phantoms are complex and resource-intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for producing customized, high-definition anthropomorphic MRI phantoms.
To enable MR scientists and clinicians to create phantoms from patient DICOM images using 3D printing.

Main Methods:

Identified and calibrated 3D printing materials for specific MR contrasts.
Developed custom software to convert DICOM images into 3D-printing material maps.
Spatially intermixed micrometer-scale droplets of three printing materials to replicate tissue contrasts.

Main Results:

Fabricated a prototype MR head phantom using 0.5x0.5x1.0 mm^3 resolution images.
The phantom accurately reproduced fine anatomical details and realistic anatomy when scanned.
Demonstrated the phantom's ability to replicate realistic anatomy across various contrast settings.

Conclusions:

This approach bridges the gap between the need for realistic MRI phantoms and their practical availability.
The method simplifies phantom creation, eliminating the need for complex segmentation, CAD skills, or material science expertise.
Advances the accessibility of customized, high-definition MRI phantoms for researchers and clinicians.