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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

Published on: January 8, 2016

Thermal imaging using sulfur polymer optics.

Samuel J Tonkin¹, Harshal D Patel¹, Jasmine M M Pople¹

¹College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

Nature Communications

|February 18, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel sulfur-based polymer for infrared lenses, overcoming previous limitations. This sustainable material offers high performance for thermal imaging cameras and enables easier manufacturing and recycling.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

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Biomolecular Imaging of Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles using Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy

Biomolecular Imaging of Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles using Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy

Published on: May 16, 2022

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optics
Polymer Chemistry

Background:

Infrared thermal imaging relies on expensive, difficult-to-manufacture lenses made from germanium, silicon, or chalcogenide glass.
Current infrared lens materials are costly, have low production throughput, and pose recycling challenges.
There is a significant need for affordable, sustainable, and mass-producible lens materials for infrared applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize a novel sulfur-derived polymer with improved long-wave infrared (LWIR) transmittance and glass transition temperature.
To overcome synthetic challenges and enable the first-time preparation of a sulfurized norbornane polymer.
To demonstrate high-throughput molding, recycling, and application of the new polymer in LWIR thermal imaging lenses.

Main Methods:

Theoretical prediction of a sulfurized norbornane polymer microstructure.
Development of novel synthetic routes to overcome side reactions and successfully synthesize the target polymer.
Implementation of high-throughput molding techniques for lens fabrication.
Evaluation of polymer recyclability.
Testing the synthesized polymer as a lens in a long-wave thermal imaging camera.

Main Results:

Successful first-time synthesis of the sulfurized norbornane polymer.
Demonstration of high-throughput molding and effective recycling processes for the polymer.
Validation of the polymer's performance as a functional lens in a long-wave thermal imaging camera.
The new polymer exhibits promising properties for LWIR applications, addressing limitations of existing materials.

Conclusions:

The synthesized sulfurized norbornane polymer represents a breakthrough in infrared lens materials.
This novel material offers a low-cost, sustainable, and mass-producible alternative to traditional infrared lens materials.
The developed polymer has significant potential for advancing thermal imaging technologies in various safety and defense applications.