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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Reduced delay-based executive function in autistic toddlers and preschoolers.

Amanda Cremone-Caira1, Gina Schnur2, Madison Surmacz2

  • 1Merrimack College, USA.

Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Young autistic toddlers, as young as 2 years old, show reduced delay-based executive function compared to neurotypical peers. These children also employed less adaptive strategies during reward-based tasks, highlighting early differences in impulse control.

Keywords:
autism spectrum disordercognitive developmentdelay of gratificationexecutive controlhot executive functionpreschoolreward

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

  • Hot executive function, or reward-based executive function, involves skills to delay actions in emotionally charged situations.
  • These skills are crucial for social development, mental health, and academic success.
  • Previous research indicates reduced delay-based executive function in autistic children aged 3 and older.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if reduced delay-based executive function is present in autistic children younger than 3 years.
  • To explore differences in strategies used by autistic and neurotypical toddlers during delay-based tasks.

Main Methods:

  • A behavioral battery was used to assess delay-based executive function in autistic and neurotypical children aged 2 and 4 years.
  • Tasks involved delaying responses to access food and non-food rewards.

Main Results:

  • Autistic toddlers demonstrated reduced delay-based executive function compared to neurotypical toddlers.
  • Autistic 2-year-olds showed less waiting in food-reward tasks; autistic 4-year-olds showed less waiting in both food and non-food reward tasks.
  • Autistic children utilized significantly less adaptive strategies during the tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnostic differences in delay-based executive function are evident in autistic children as young as 2 years.
  • Findings may inform early interventions aimed at improving executive function skills and related developmental outcomes in autistic children.