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Hunger on the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Is Associated With Increased Ad Libitum Energy Intake in Different

Hannah T Fry1, Marci E Gluck1, Tomas Cábeza de Baca1

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Increased susceptibility to external hunger cues drives higher food intake during cold stress. Behavioral interventions targeting food cue responsiveness are crucial for weight management strategies.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Human physiology
  • Behavioral science
  • Nutrition science

Background:

  • Understanding factors influencing food intake is critical for weight management.
  • Cold exposure is known to increase energy expenditure.
  • The role of behavioral traits in modulating food intake under environmental stress is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how food-related behavioral traits influence ad libitum food intake.
  • To compare intake during and after cold exposure versus thermoneutral conditions.
  • To determine if these traits explain intake beyond energy expenditure.

Main Methods:

  • 46 healthy participants completed the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).
  • Internal and external hunger subscales were derived from the TFEQ.
  • Ad libitum food intake was measured over 24-hour periods under five conditions: fasting, cold exposure, thermoneutrality, and post-exposure.

Main Results:

  • Total hunger scores predicted overall food intake (p=0.02).
  • External hunger scores correlated with higher intake during cold stress (p=0.01), while internal hunger did not (p=0.16).
  • Participants consumed significantly more food during cold exposure (1.69 MJ/day) compared to thermoneutral conditions (p=0.009).

Conclusions:

  • Heightened sensitivity to external hunger cues is linked to increased food consumption under cold stress.
  • Behavioral interventions focusing on managing responsiveness to food cues are promising for weight loss.
  • These findings highlight the interplay between environmental factors and eating behavior in energy balance.