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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Such genes that act...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Vaccinations01:51

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Antigen-encoding circular single-stranded DNA for cancer vaccine.

Rui Liu1, Rui Ye2, Guang Hu3

  • 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.

Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Circular single-stranded DNA (Css DNA) offers a stable, low-immunogenicity platform for cancer vaccines, outperforming mRNA. This novel vector achieves long-lasting antigen expression, inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence for improved cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords:
Css DNAcancer vaccinecircular single-stranded DNAgene therapynucleic acid vaccinestumor prevention

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines show promise in cancer therapy but face challenges with degradation and transient expression.
  • Achieving long-term prevention of cancer recurrence and metastasis requires more stable nucleic acid delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce circular single-stranded DNA (Css DNA) as a novel, long-acting gene expression vector for cancer immunotherapy.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of Css DNA-based vaccines in inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered Css DNA vectors for robust, long-term gene expression (over 315 days).
  • Utilized ovalbumin (OVA)-encoding Css DNA as a model prophylactic vaccine.
  • Investigated the combination of OVA-Css DNA with IL-12-encoding Css DNA for enhanced immune response.

Main Results:

  • Css DNA demonstrated significantly longer expression and lower immunogenicity compared to conventional plasmids.
  • OVA-Css DNA vaccination effectively inhibited tumor growth and recurrence, prolonging survival.
  • Combination therapy with IL-12-Css DNA boosted cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and innate immune cell infiltration in tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Css DNA serves as a versatile and potent platform for cancer immunotherapy, overcoming limitations of current nucleic acid vaccines.
  • Css DNA enables durable antigen expression and potent immune activation for effective tumor suppression.