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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

Published on: July 14, 2021

Sex and Ventricular Remodeling.

Steven P Jones¹, Helen E Collins¹

¹Center for Cardiometabolic Science, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.

Current Opinion in Physiology

|February 19, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Biological sex significantly influences ventricular remodeling after heart attack, impacting survival differently in males and females. Understanding these sex-dependent differences is crucial for developing effective cardiovascular treatments.

Keywords:

Cardiac Plasticity Extracellular Matrix Heart Failure Inflammation Sex Hormones

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Published on: April 30, 2020

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

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Published on: October 28, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

Published on: July 14, 2021

A Rat Model of Pressure Overload Induced Moderate Remodeling and Systolic Dysfunction as Opposed to Overt Systolic Heart Failure

A Rat Model of Pressure Overload Induced Moderate Remodeling and Systolic Dysfunction as Opposed to Overt Systolic Heart Failure

Published on: April 30, 2020

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography

Published on: October 28, 2020

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Sex Differences in Medicine
Cardiac Remodeling

Background:

Ventricular remodeling, changes in the heart's ventricle, occurs due to pathological or physiological stimuli.
Post-myocardial infarction remodeling impacts survival, with biological sex playing a critical role in divergent responses.
Existing cardiovascular treatments are not optimized for sex-specific differences.

Purpose of the Study:

To review fundamental sex-dependent differences in the ventricular myocardium.
To highlight emerging areas contributing to sex-dependent ventricular remodeling.
To underscore the need for sex-specific cardiovascular treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on ventricular remodeling and sex differences.
Analysis of studies investigating sex-dependent impacts on extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, and cardiomyocyte homeostasis.
Examination of transcriptional and cellular composition differences between male and female hearts.

Main Results:

Young female animals exhibit less post-infarction remodeling than males, yet women face reduced long-term survival.
Sex-dependent differences affect key remodeling processes, including matrix remodeling and inflammation.
Hormone-independent factors contribute to observed sex differences in ventricular remodeling.

Conclusions:

Significant sex-dependent differences exist in ventricular remodeling, extending beyond sex hormone influence.
Pregnancy-induced cardiac remodeling in females offers a unique model for studying sex-specific changes.
Further research into mechanistic, hormone-independent pathways is essential for sex-tailored cardiovascular therapies.