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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Vaccines against antimicrobial resistance.

Annaliesa S Anderson1

  • 1Vaccines, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, New York, NY10965, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global threat. Vaccines are crucial for preventing infections, reducing antibiotic use, and combating AMR, with new vaccines for Clostridioides difficile and group B Streptococcus on the horizon.

Keywords:
Clostridioides difficileKlebsiella pneumoniaeSalmonella TyphiStreptococcus pneumoniaeRSVantibioticsgroup Bstreptococcusinfluenzaresistancevaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global clinical and economic threat, projected to cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050.
  • The escalating crisis necessitates sustainable prevention strategies to curb the spread of drug-resistant infections in both community and healthcare settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing vaccines effective in reducing the burden of AMR.
  • To highlight the critical role of vaccine development in tackling AMR.
  • To focus on the urgent need for vaccines against Clostridioides difficile and group B Streptococcus.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing bacterial and viral vaccines.
  • Analysis of vaccine impact on infection rates and antibiotic consumption.
  • Discussion of the pipeline for novel vaccines targeting AMR pathogens.

Main Results:

  • Several existing vaccines demonstrate efficacy in mitigating the impact of AMR.
  • Vaccines prevent infections, thereby reducing the need for antimicrobial interventions.
  • Promising vaccine candidates for Clostridioides difficile and group B Streptococcus are nearing development.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccines are a vital component of the strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.
  • Continued development and implementation of vaccines are essential for global health security.
  • Targeted vaccine development for pathogens like Clostridioides difficile and group B Streptococcus holds significant promise for reducing AMR.