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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
Spermatogenesis01:22

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
The process of spermatogenesis can be divided into mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. During mitosis, the spermatogonia or stem cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, type A and B spermatogonia. Type-A...

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Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Separation of Spermatogenic Cell Types Using STA-PUT Velocity Sedimentation
09:48

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Published on: October 9, 2013

TNXB Regulates Spermatogenesis by Maintaining Cytoskeleton and Cell Junction Stability.

Xixian Cen1, Yuge Zhuang2, Hongrui Feng1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Tenascin-X (TNXB) is crucial for male fertility. Its deficiency impairs testicular structure and spermatogenesis, highlighting its role in reproductive health.

Keywords:
cell junctioncytoskeletonmale infertilityspermatogenesistenascin‐X

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

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Functional Assessment of Kinesin-7 CENP-E in Spermatocytes Using In Vivo Inhibition, Immunofluorescence and Flow Cytometry
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Published on: December 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Extracellular Matrix Biology
  • Spermatogenesis Research

Background:

  • Tenascin-X (TNXB) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein with known roles in connective tissues.
  • Its specific function in testicular development and spermatogenesis is largely uncharacterized.
  • TNXB downregulation is implicated in human non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Tenascin-X (TNXB) in testicular development and spermatogenesis.
  • To elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TNXB deficiency in male infertility.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomic analysis (iTRAQ) to identify TNXB in human NOA testes.
  • Generation of germ cell-specific TNXB conditional knockout (cKO) mice (Ddx4-Cre+, TnxbLoxP/Null).
  • Transcriptomic profiling, qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence to analyze gene and protein expression and localization.

Main Results:

  • TNXB expression increases with testicular maturation in mice, localizing to germ cells.
  • TNXB deficiency in cKO mice caused reduced testis size, tubular degeneration, germ cell loss, and impaired sperm parameters.
  • Transcriptomic analysis revealed dysregulation of genes involved in meiosis, germ cell development, and cytoskeletal/junctional organization.

Conclusions:

  • Tenascin-X (TNXB) is essential for maintaining testicular architecture and spermatogenesis.
  • TNXB plays a critical role in the integrity of extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and cell junctions within the testis.
  • TNXB deficiency leads to impaired male reproductive function and potential infertility.