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Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Modeling Verbal Behavior Deficits with the Stimulus Control Ratio Equation, SCoRE
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On Terms: Is There a Problem With "Problem Behavior"? A Bibliometric Prevalence Analysis.

Michael P Kranak1,2, Kimberly Cantu-Davis3, Leslie C Neely4

  • 1Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA. kranak@oakland.edu.

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autism research shows increasing diversity in terms for behaviors targeted for reduction, with a shift from "problem behavior" to "challenging behavior." This evolution may stem from societal influences rather than empirical data.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderBibliometric analysesChallenging behaviorProblem behaviorSingle-case experimental designSocial validity

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral science
  • Autism research
  • Clinical psychology

Background:

  • Language significantly influences autism interpretation and public understanding.
  • Focus has been on identity-first vs. person-first language, neglecting terms for behaviors targeted for reduction.
  • Understanding terminology shifts is crucial for consistent scientific and clinical communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine changes in terminology for behaviors targeted for reduction in autism intervention single-case research over three decades.
  • To quantify shifts in language use across journals and years.
  • To evaluate the field's movement towards standardized terminology for behaviors targeted for reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliometric prevalence analysis of single-case experimental design (SCED) articles in six autism/problem behavior journals.
  • Review of articles published in 1994, 2004, 2014, and 2024 (n=2326).
  • Analysis of 189 articles measuring behaviors targeted for reduction using SCED and specific behavior-related terms, with descriptive and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Main Results:

  • Terminology diversity for behaviors targeted for reduction increased by 22% from 1994 to 2024.
  • Use of "problem behavior" declined sharply, while "challenging behavior" increased markedly by 2024.
  • Significant differences in terminology use were observed across years and journals.

Conclusions:

  • Autism research exhibits increasing heterogeneity in behavior-related terminology, notably moving away from "problem behavior."
  • These linguistic shifts may be influenced by editorial practices and sociocultural factors rather than empirical evidence.
  • Enhanced transparency, consistency, and stakeholder input are recommended for clearer scientific and clinical communication in autism research.