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Simultaneous Cross-Linking and Nanoparticle Anchoring by Dialdehyde Cellulose in Injectable Composite

Monika Muchová1, Lukáš Münster1, Roman Kolařík1

  • 1Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, tř. Tomáše Bati 5678, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic.

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|February 19, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces a novel injectable hydrogel using dialdehyde cellulose and chitosan, covalently bound with polypyrrole (PPy). The advanced material demonstrates rapid self-healing and anti-inflammatory properties, accelerating wound closure for potential wound dressing applications.

Keywords:
chitosancomposite hydrogelsdialdehyde celluloseinjectablepolypyrrole

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Developing advanced wound dressings requires materials with injectability, self-healing capabilities, and therapeutic properties.
  • Existing hydrogels often lack a combination of mechanical integrity, injectability, and inherent bioactivity.
  • Polypyrrole (PPy) offers potential for enhanced functionality due to its electrical and biological properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel injectable composite hydrogel system.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of dynamic imine cross-linking and covalent polypyrrole (PPy) anchoring.
  • To evaluate the wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and cytocompatibility potential of the developed hydrogel.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of a composite hydrogel using dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) as a bifunctional cross-linker with water-soluble half acetylated chitosan (SCN) and polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles.
  • Utilizing dynamic Schiff base cross-linking and aldol condensation for hydrogel network formation.
  • Characterization of rheological properties, injectability (21 G needles), self-healing capacity, and cytocompatibility (NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, RAW 264.7 macrophages).
  • In vitro evaluation of wound closure acceleration (scratch assay) and anti-inflammatory effects (nitric oxide and IL-6 secretion reduction).

Main Results:

  • The injectable hydrogel exhibited shear-thinning behavior, rapid self-healing, and suitable storage moduli (25–47 Pa) for injection.
  • All hydrogel formulations demonstrated non-cytotoxicity towards fibroblasts and macrophages.
  • SCN_DAC_20_PPy hydrogel significantly accelerated wound closure compared to controls and PPy-free hydrogels.
  • Hydrogels reduced nitric oxide production, with PPy-containing formulations further decreasing IL-6 secretion in LPS-stimulated macrophages.

Conclusions:

  • The SCN/DAC/PPy injectable hydrogels possess a unique combination of cytocompatibility, self-healing properties, and significant anti-inflammatory activity.
  • The dual cross-linking strategy effectively integrates PPy, enhancing material properties and therapeutic benefits.
  • These findings highlight the potential of this novel hydrogel platform for developing next-generation advanced wound dressings.