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Related Concept Videos

G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
09:57

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

Published on: January 2, 2012

Association between Cortical Gyrification and Major Depression: Clinical Correlates.

Andreas Buchmann1,2, Adrian Hase1,2, Christopher Johannes Ritter3,4

  • 1Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.

Psychopathology
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lower gyrification in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is linked to a higher lifetime risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). This brain structure variation may indicate earlier onset and higher neuroticism in individuals with MDD.

Keywords:
Anterior cingulateConnectivityDepressionEarly-onset depressionGyrificationVulnerability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent global psychiatric condition.
  • Cortical gyrification is emerging as a potential early risk marker for depression.
  • The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in mood regulation and depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate left ACC gyrification as a potential biomarker for MDD.
  • To explore the association between ACC gyrification patterns and MDD characteristics.
  • To examine the relationship between ACC gyrification and personality traits.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of medial views of cortical surface reconstructions for gyrification measurement.
  • Expert rater-based assessment of left ACC gyrification patterns.
  • Comparison of gyrification variants between individuals with and without MDD.
  • Correlation analysis with age of disorder onset and personality scores (neuroticism, extraversion).

Main Results:

  • A specific left ACC gyrification pattern (fewer antero-posterior gyri) was more common in individuals with a history of MDD (p = .048).
  • Individuals with this fewer-gyri variant experienced earlier onset of MDD (d = -0.30).
  • Fewer longitudinal gyri in the left ACC correlated with higher neuroticism scores (η2= .02).
  • Automated gyrification and surface area measures generally supported expert findings.

Conclusions:

  • Left ACC gyrification may serve as an early phenotypic marker for MDD, potentially reflecting early developmental factors.
  • This finding warrants further investigation in at-risk populations and with advanced neuroimaging techniques.