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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Oscillatory Phase Transition and Rotation in the Liquid-Solid Binary-Phase Zone: In-Situ Visualization of Nanoscale

Yong Lu1, Haoran Liu1, Linfeng Xu1

  • 1Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

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Predicting nanoscale crystal growth is difficult due to dynamic liquid-solid phase transitions. This study reveals unexpected crystalline-amorphous phase transformations in nanoparticles (NPs) during growth, influenced by nanoscale confinement.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Predicting and controlling nanoscale crystal growth is challenging due to dynamic, complex elementary steps in the liquid-solid two-phase zone.
  • Understanding intermediate states during alloying processes requires high spatiotemporal resolution visualization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamic phase behaviors and intermediate structures during nanoparticle (NP) formation in the liquid-solid two-phase zone.
  • To reveal unexpected phase transformations and their relationship with NP motion under nanoscale confinement.

Main Methods:

  • In situ observation using high spatiotemporal resolution techniques.
  • Analysis of nanoparticle (NP) dynamics, including rotation and Brownian motion.
  • Investigation of phase transitions between crystalline and amorphous states.

Main Results:

  • Observed periodic, unexpected phase transformations between crystalline and amorphous states in NPs after initial precipitation.
  • Documented oscillatory rotation and anomalous Brownian motion of NPs in the liquid phase, enhanced by nanoscale confinement.
  • Demonstrated that NP rotation promotes intermediate crystalline ↔ amorphous phase transitions.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoparticle (NP) growth involves dynamic intermediate structures and phase behaviors, including crystalline-amorphous transitions, influenced by liquid-solid interactions and nanoscale confinement.
  • The findings provide fundamental insights into nanoalloy nucleation and growth, enabling optimization for desired properties.