Porphyrin-based nanozymes: From material construction and mechanism exploration to biomedical applications

Porphyrin-based nanozymes represent a groundbreaking biomimetic strategy that revolutionizes traditional nanozyme design by surmounting the long-standing challenge of poorly defined catalytic sites. By masterfully replicating the active centers of natural enzymes, these sophisticated nanomaterials not only integrate the exceptional catalytic and optical properties of porphyrin molecules but also create well-defined catalytic microenvironments reminiscent of metalloenzymes like heme and chlorophyll. This review systematically summarizes key advancements in the field, addressing three main aspects: material construction strategies, innovations in catalytic mechanisms, and diverse biomedical applications. First, it elaborates on material design concepts represented by metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and supramolecular structures, with special emphasis on the influence of different metal centers and organic ligands on performance. Second, it delves into core mechanisms such as confined catalysis, cascade reactions, and stimulus-responsive catalysis. Finally, a comprehensive overview of breakthrough progress in biosensing, antibacterial therapy, anti-tumor strategies, anti-inflammatory treatments, and tissue repair is provided. This review aims to offer systematic theoretical insights and practical guidance for the future design and application of porphyrin-based nanozymes.