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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
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The tuberculogenic environment.

Mikaela Coleman1, Claire J Calderwood2, Sian Magee3

  • 1Institute of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

The Lancet. Global Health
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis (TB) is driven by complex environmental factors beyond healthcare, requiring a multi-sectoral approach. Addressing social determinants like housing and trade is crucial to ending the global TB pandemic.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Complex Systems Science
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading infectious cause of death globally.
  • Existing diagnostics and treatments have not eradicated the disease.
  • The 'tuberculogenic environment' perpetuates TB in vulnerable populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the 'tuberculogenic environment' and its contributing factors.
  • To highlight the multi-sectoral responsibilities in TB control.
  • To advocate for a complex systems approach to ending the TB pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of the 'tuberculogenic environment'.
  • Identification of upstream socio-economic and policy factors influencing TB.
  • Application of complex systems science principles to TB control.

Main Results:

  • The TB pandemic is sustained by factors outside the health sector, including trade, finance, and education.
  • Availability and access to essential services like housing, nutrition, and healthcare are critical.
  • Current TB control efforts place undue responsibility on affected individuals and programs.

Conclusions:

  • Ending the global TB pandemic requires addressing complex, interconnected social and economic determinants.
  • A multi-sectoral approach involving diverse decision-makers is essential.
  • Reframing TB through complex systems science emphasizes shared responsibility for eradication.