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Related Concept Videos

Design Consideration01:22

Design Consideration

Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key aspect...
Design Example: Distributing Reinforcements in Concrete Sections01:22

Design Example: Distributing Reinforcements in Concrete Sections

The topic explores the practical aspects of adjusting steel reinforcements within a concrete beam section to meet specific design requirements. When designing a reinforced concrete beam, it is essential to distribute the steel reinforcements properly to ensure structural integrity and efficiency. The example provided details a scenario where a beam requires a total steel cross-section of 4 square inches. The engineer identifies that the available steel bars have a nominal diameter of 1.693...
Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements01:28

Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements

Concrete pavement joints are essential for maintaining the structural integrity and longevity of pavement by controlling where and how the pavement cracks. These joints can be categorized based on their functions, such as contraction or control joints, construction joints, isolation joints, and expansion joints.
Contraction joints are typically formed by sawing a groove into the concrete shortly after it has hardened. This creates a weakened vertical plane, deliberately encouraging cracking at...
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
To address...
Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
Design Example: Designing Water Slide01:18

Design Example: Designing Water Slide

When designing a water slide, controlling the speed of water flow is crucial for rider safety while maintaining an exciting experience. As water flows down the slide, gravity causes it to accelerate, with its speed at the bottom depending on the height from which it starts. The higher the slide, the more potential energy the water has at the top, which is converted into kinetic energy as it descends, increasing its speed.
Bernoulli's principle determines the water's velocity along the slide.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

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Re-engineering chitin: From poor processability to functional hydrogels via ketone modification and dynamic

Rafael F N Quadrado1, Chisom Friday2, Atanur Satir3

  • 1Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel ketone-functionalized chitin (Ox-HPChit) that forms injectable, self-healing hydrogels with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs) via Schiff base chemistry. This all-polysaccharide system offers a versatile platform for advanced materials and drug delivery.

Keywords:
Carboxymethyl chitosanChitin modificationDynamic polysaccharide hydrogelsInjectable materialsSchiff base chemistrySelf-healing networks

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry

Background:

  • Chitin, a biopolymer, is underutilized in hydrogels due to poor solubility and inertness.
  • Chitosan, a chitin derivative, offers better properties but limits the scope of chitin-based materials.
  • Developing novel chitin derivatives is crucial for expanding its applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a novel ketone-functionalized hydroxypropyl chitin (Ox-HPChit) for dynamic covalent gelation.
  • To create injectable, self-healing, and pH-responsive hydrogels using Ox-HPChit and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs).
  • To explore the potential of chitin as a versatile carbohydrate platform for advanced materials.

Main Methods:

  • Selective oxidation of hydroxypropyl chitin using sodium hypochlorite to yield Ox-HPChit.
  • Dynamic covalent gelation via Schiff base formation between Ox-HPChit and CMCs.
  • Characterization of hydrogel properties including gelation time, swelling, mechanical recovery, injectability, self-healing, adhesion, and drug release.

Main Results:

  • Ox-HPChit/CMCs hydrogels formed rapidly (24 min) under mild conditions.
  • The optimized hydrogel (Gel(1:2)) showed high swelling (2350%) and robust mechanical recovery (>85%).
  • Injectability, self-healing, surface adhesion, and pH-responsive release of methotrexate (79.2% at pH 5.5) were demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • A new functional chitin derivative (Ox-HPChit) was successfully developed.
  • This study demonstrates the creation of dynamic, all-polysaccharide hydrogels using reversible imine chemistry.
  • The findings highlight chitin's potential for designing advanced polysaccharide-based materials, including drug delivery systems.