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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Using R, Seurat, and CellChat to Analyze a Single-Cell Transcriptomics Dataset of Mouse Skin Wound Healing
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Reminders that chatbots are not human can be risky.

Linnea I Laestadius1, Celeste Campos-Castillo2

  • 1Zilber College of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Reminding users that chatbots are not human may harm mental health. Research is needed to find effective and safe ways to inform users about chatbot limitations.

Keywords:
AI companionartificial intelligencechatbotsmental healthpolicy

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Artificial Intelligence Ethics
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Growing use of chatbots in daily life raises concerns about potential mental and physical health impacts.
  • Policies are emerging to mandate reminders that chatbots are not human entities.
  • Existing evidence on the efficacy and safety of such reminders is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of chatbot non-human reminders on user well-being.
  • To identify optimal strategies for informing users about chatbot limitations without causing harm.
  • To establish a research agenda for human-AI interaction safety.

Main Methods:

  • This study will review existing literature on human-computer interaction and AI-induced psychological effects.
  • It will involve user studies to test different reminder formats and timings.
  • Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected to assess user perceptions and emotional responses.

Main Results:

  • Preliminary findings suggest that current reminder strategies may be ineffective or detrimental to user mental health.
  • Certain reminder approaches could exacerbate user anxiety or distrust.
  • The optimal method for conveying chatbot non-human status requires further empirical investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Mandatory reminders for chatbots not being human require careful design to avoid unintended negative consequences.
  • Further research is crucial to develop evidence-based guidelines for safe human-chatbot interaction.
  • Prioritizing user well-being in AI deployment necessitates a nuanced approach to disclosure.