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Unmasking HAM/TSP: understanding HTLV-1-driven neurological disease.
Arash Letafati1,2,3, Saeed Tajik3, Mona Vasei Rad2
1Department of Virology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Journal of Neurovirology
|February 19, 2026
Summary
Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes HAM/TSP, a progressive neuroinflammatory disease. This review details HTLV-1 infection, HAM/TSP pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, highlighting research needs.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Immunology
- Neurology
Background:
- Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects millions globally.
- HTLV-1 is linked to severe diseases like HAM/TSP and ATLL.
- HAM/TSP is a chronic, progressive neuroinflammatory condition impacting motor function.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of HAM/TSP in the context of HTLV-1 infection.
- To synthesize current knowledge on HTLV-1 virology, epidemiology, and transmission.
- To explore HAM/TSP pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management strategies.
Main Methods:
- This study is a narrative review.
- It synthesizes information on HTLV-1 and HAM/TSP from existing literature.
- Key aspects covered include virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
Main Results:
- HTLV-1 infection has diverse transmission routes and risk factors.
- HAM/TSP pathogenesis involves complex neuroimmunological and host genetic factors.
- Current diagnostic tools and therapeutic options for HAM/TSP are reviewed.
Conclusions:
- Understanding HTLV-1 and HAM/TSP requires integrating virologic, immunologic, and genetic perspectives.
- Effective diagnosis and management of HAM/TSP are crucial.
- Continued research and public health efforts are essential for controlling HTLV-1 and its associated diseases.
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