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Design of efficient high-order immersed metagratings using an evolutionary algorithm
Optics Express
|February 20, 2026
Summary
This study introduces novel immersed metagratings with sub-wavelength structures, enhancing diffraction efficiency and reducing polarization sensitivity for compact spectrometers. These advanced gratings offer improved performance over conventional blazed gratings.
Area of Science:
- Optics and Photonics
- Nanotechnology
- Spectroscopy
Background:
- Immersed reflection gratings enhance spectral resolving power and spectrometer compactness.
- Conventional blazed gratings exhibit limited efficiency at specific wavelengths and high polarization sensitivity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To design and theoretically demonstrate an immersed grating using sub-wavelength structures.
- To improve diffraction efficiency and reduce polarization dependence compared to conventional immersed gratings.
Main Methods:
- Optimization of a reflective metagrating immersed in silicon using a modified Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES).
- Targeting diffraction angles for the short-wave infrared band-3 (SWIR-3) relevant to Earth observation missions.
Main Results:
- The optimized immersed metagrating achieved an average efficiency of ~78% in the SWIR-3 band, surpassing conventional gratings (~62%).
- Polarization sensitivity was reduced from ~15% to ~5%.
- Manufacturing tolerance analysis showed minimal efficiency degradation for small feature size errors.
Conclusions:
- Sub-wavelength structured immersed metagratings offer a promising alternative to conventional blazed gratings.
- This design significantly enhances efficiency and reduces polarization sensitivity for spectrometer applications.
- The design demonstrates robustness against typical manufacturing variations.
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