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Fast evaluation of waveguide AR displays with an open-source GPU-based ray-tracing method.

Yefu Zhang, Yuqiang Ding, Ziyang Shen

|February 20, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a fast, open-source GPU ray-tracing algorithm for waveguide augmented reality (AR) displays. This method significantly speeds up optical simulations, enabling efficient design optimization for AR systems.

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Computer Science
Materials Science

Background:

Conventional augmented reality (AR) display simulations use slow, CPU-based methods and precomputed data.
This inefficiency hinders large-scale design optimization for waveguide AR systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a faster, open-source GPU-based ray-tracing algorithm for waveguide AR displays.
To enable rapid and scalable optical performance evaluation.

Main Methods:

Developed a GPU-based ray-tracing algorithm utilizing parallel computation.
Employed a look-up table (LUT) generated from rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) results.
Validated the algorithm using a full-color diffractive waveguide design.

Main Results:

Achieved 7.63 × 10^6 rays/s on an NVIDIA RTX 4080, a 57x speedup over CPU.
Simulated results closely matched commercial software (LightTools) using BSDF data.
Analyzed system performance including efficiency, color, and field-of-view uniformity.

Conclusions:

The proposed GPU algorithm offers accurate optical predictions with significantly reduced computation time.
Enables efficient and scalable design optimization for diffractive waveguide AR displays.