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Leveling Equipment

Leveling Equipment

As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...

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Telescope-based scanning LiDAR system for eye-safe long-range UAV localization and tracking.

Christopher Naverschnigg, Andreas Sinn, Daniil Zelinskyi

|February 20, 2026

Summary

A new eye-safe laser detection and ranging (LiDAR) system effectively tracks small uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) at long distances. The system demonstrates robust localization and hybrid tracking capabilities in both lab and field tests.

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Area of Science:

Robotics and Automation
Optical Engineering
Aerospace Engineering

Background:

Accurate localization and tracking of small uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) are crucial for various applications, including surveillance, inspection, and delivery.
Existing tracking systems often face limitations in range, accuracy, or eye-safety, especially for long-distance operations.
Developing an eye-safe, long-range localization and tracking system for UAVs is essential to overcome these challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and experimentally evaluate a novel telescope-based scanning light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system.
To achieve eye-safe, long-range localization and tracking of small uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs).
To validate the system's performance in both laboratory and field environments.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a prototype system featuring an eye-safe laser transmitter, a one-dimensional avalanche photodiode (APD) detector array, and a telescope.
Laboratory experiments for static and dynamic localization of a DJI Phantom 3 UAV at 300 meters.
Field tests involving distance measurements to a DJI Matrice 30 up to 50 meters and hybrid target tracking at 300 meters with velocities up to 15 m/s.

Main Results:

Robust static and dynamic localization of a UAV was achieved at a range of 300 meters in laboratory settings.
Successful distance measurements to a UAV were demonstrated up to 50 meters in field tests.
Feasible hybrid target tracking, combining LiDAR for horizontal and image-based processing for vertical movement, was shown at 300 meters and 15 m/s.

Conclusions:

The developed telescope-based scanning LiDAR system provides an effective solution for eye-safe, long-range UAV localization and tracking.
The system demonstrates significant potential for real-world applications requiring precise UAV monitoring.
Hybrid tracking strategies integrating LiDAR and vision-based methods enhance tracking accuracy and versatility.