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Synchronous single-photon LiDAR ranging with up to two triggers per pulse cycle
Optics Express
|February 20, 2026
Summary
Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) LiDAR faces pileup errors. This study introduces a dead time compensation method, significantly reducing ranging errors for applications like autonomous driving.
Area of Science:
- Photonics and Optical Sensing
- LiDAR Technology
- Signal Processing
Background:
- Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems are limited by pileup errors at high echo photon flux due to SPAD dead time.
- Accurate and rapid ranging is essential for expanding single-photon LiDAR applications in remote sensing and autonomous driving, requiring effective dead time compensation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate and propose dead time compensation methods for synchronous single-photon ranging LiDAR operating with multi-photon detection capabilities.
- To address the challenge of wide dynamic range echo photon flux in SPAD array detectors.
Main Methods:
- Experimental investigation of a synchronous single-photon ranging LiDAR system capable of detecting up to two photons per laser cycle.
- Development of dead time compensation algorithms based on forward modeling of the photon detection process.
Main Results:
- The proposed dead time compensation method reduced ranging error to less than 4.2 cm using a 3.5 ns laser pulse.
- Uncompensated ranging error reached a maximum of 17.96 cm, highlighting the effectiveness of the compensation technique.
Conclusions:
- The developed dead time compensation method significantly improves ranging accuracy in single-photon LiDAR systems.
- This approach offers a valuable reference for designing LiDAR systems that balance detection efficiency and hardware constraints.
