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Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques
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Effective performance-enhanced CS-NFDM system employing general orthogonal circulant transform precoding.

Zhihang Sun, Chenglin Bai, Yaozheng Yue

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces the General Orthogonal Circulant Transform (GOCT) precoding technique for Continuous Spectrum Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexing (CS-NFDM) systems. The GOCT-NFDM system enhances signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) distribution, improving overall transmission performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Communications
    • Signal Processing
    • Information Theory

    Background:

    • Continuous Spectrum Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexing (CS-NFDM) systems suffer from non-uniform signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) distribution due to inter-symbol interference (ISI) and noise.
    • This non-uniformity disproportionately affects subcarriers at the spectrum edges, degrading overall system performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To improve the transmission performance of CS-NFDM systems by addressing the non-uniform SINR distribution.
    • To introduce and validate the application of General Orthogonal Circulant Transform (GOCT) precoding in CS-NFDM systems for the first time.

    Main Methods:

    • The study proposes a novel system, termed GOCT-NFDM, which applies GOCT matrix-based linear precoding to each subcarrier.
    • This precoding spreads subcarrier information across the entire spectrum, aiming for uniform SINR distribution.
    • The effectiveness was validated through simulations and experiments over 800 km and 806 km transmission distances, respectively.

    Main Results:

    • The GOCT-NFDM system demonstrated significant Q-factor gains compared to traditional CS-NFDM systems in both simulation and experimental setups.
    • Simulation results showed gains of 1.67 dB (128 subcarriers, 52 GHz bandwidth) and up to 2.05 dB (256 subcarriers, 72 GHz bandwidth).
    • Experimental results confirmed gains of 0.56 dB (128 subcarriers, 40 GHz bandwidth) and 0.74 dB (128 subcarriers, 48 GHz bandwidth).

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed GOCT precoding effectively equalizes SINR distribution across the nonlinear spectrum in CS-NFDM systems.
    • The GOCT-NFDM system offers substantial performance improvements with an acceptable increase in implementation complexity (O(Nc log Nc)).
    • This scheme presents a viable solution for enhancing the performance of high-capacity optical communication systems.