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High-performance graphene-on-silicon slot waveguide modulators for the 2 μm waveband.

Weicheng Chen, Mengqin Zhao, Huixin Lin

    Optics Express
    |February 20, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed high-performance graphene-on-silicon slot waveguide modulators for 2 µm wavelength communications. These devices overcome limitations of current modulators, advancing optical communication capacity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Telecommunications

    Background:

    • 2 µm wavelength band communication offers spectral advantages for breaking optical communication capacity bottlenecks.
    • High-performance optical modulators are crucial for transmission rates, energy efficiency, and integration in optical systems.
    • Existing 2 µm modulators lag behind 1.55 µm counterparts, limiting the potential of this spectral window.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and demonstrate high-performance optical modulators operating at the 2 µm wavelength band.
    • To address the performance gap of current modulators in the 2 µm spectral window.
    • To advance the development of 2 µm waveband communication technologies.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed electro-absorption and refractive index modulators using a graphene-on-silicon slot waveguide platform.

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  • Characterized modulator performance including voltage-length product, insertion loss, extinction ratio, modulation bandwidth, and energy consumption.
  • Theoretically demonstrated four-amplitude shift keying and quaternary phase shift keying modulation using microring resonators.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved a voltage-length product of 0.113 V·cm for the electro-absorption modulator.
    • Demonstrated low insertion loss (1.9 dB), high extinction ratio (50.7 dB), and a 3-dB modulation bandwidth of ~520 GHz.
    • Reported energy consumption of 177.38 fJ/bit and theoretical demonstration of advanced modulation schemes.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed graphene-on-silicon slot waveguide modulators offer high performance for 2 µm communications.
    • These modulators provide a pathway towards low insertion loss and highly integrated solutions for the 2 µm waveband.
    • The study significantly contributes to enabling practical viability and development of 2 µm waveband communication systems.