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FMCW LiDAR with a GaN-based distributed feedback laser diode at 466 nm.

Wataru Kokuyama, Hidemi Tsuchida, Yoshiaki Nakajima

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    |February 20, 2026
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    This study demonstrates the first Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) LiDAR using a visible Gallium Nitride (GaN)-based laser diode. This visible coherent sensing technology shows potential for underwater operations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Laser Technology
    • Sensing Systems

    Background:

    • Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LiDAR requires specific laser characteristics for underwater applications.
    • Visible narrow-linewidth lasers with wide linear chirp are crucial for effective underwater FMCW LiDAR.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate a Gallium Nitride (GaN)-based 466 nm distributed feedback laser diode (DFB-LD) for FMCW LiDAR.
    • To assess the laser's performance in terms of chirp span, nonlinearity, and coherence length for underwater sensing.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a delayed self-heterodyne interferometer to measure the modulation waveform of the GaN-based DFB-LD.
    • Demonstrated free-space FMCW LiDAR using the developed laser diode without predistortion.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a chirp span of 12.2 GHz, with a theoretical underwater resolution of 0.92 cm.
    • Measured 9% modulation nonlinearity and a coherence length of 14 m (1.9 MHz β-separation linewidth).
    • Successfully demonstrated free-space FMCW LiDAR at approximately 3 m, with resolution degrading to ~2 m due to nonlinearity and noise.

    Conclusions:

    • This work presents the first experimental demonstration of FMCW LiDAR utilizing a visible DFB-LD.
    • The GaN-based visible DFB-LD shows promise for future visible coherent sensing and underwater LiDAR applications.