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Charging capacitors using diodes at different temperatures. I. Theory.

L L Bonilla1, A Torrente1, J M Mangum2

  • 1Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Departamento de Matemáticas, Avenida de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain and G. Millán Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Nanoscience and Industrial Mathematics, Avenida de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain.

Physical Review. E
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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This study explores energy harvesting from thermal fluctuations using nonlinear rectifying circuits. Researchers analyzed a system with variable capacitors and diodes, revealing how charge differences evolve towards equilibrium.

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Nonlinear Dynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Nonlinear elements in circuits can harvest energy from thermal fluctuations.
  • Energy harvesting systems often involve capacitors and diodes, potentially at different temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze an energy-harvesting system using nonlinear elements and thermal fluctuations.
  • To describe the long-term evolution of charge differences in a two-capacitor system.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a Fokker-Planck equation and a Chapman-Enskog procedure.
  • Extracting exponentially small factors from the solution.
  • Approximating quasistationary states with Gaussian functions for specific nonlinear mobilities.

Main Results:

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  • The system rapidly reaches a quasistationary state, followed by slower evolution of charge differences.
  • The marginal probability density for charge differences evolves into a slowly expanding pulse.
  • The perturbation procedure results align well with numerical simulations.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear circuits offer a mechanism for energy harvesting from thermal noise.
  • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding charge dynamics in such systems.
  • The observed pulse evolution offers insights into the approach to thermal equilibrium.