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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

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Integrated electro-optic digital-to-analog link for efficient computing and arbitrary waveform generation.

Yunxiang Song1,2, Yaowen Hu1,3, Xinrui Zhu1

  • 1John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Nature Photonics
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed an electro-optic digital-to-analog link (EO-DiAL) using lithium niobate nanophotonics. This breakthrough enables efficient analog photonic computing and high-speed signal generation for next-generation AI and communication systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Integrated photonics
  • Nanophotonics
  • Analog computing

Background:

  • Rapid advancements in AI and communication systems require enhanced computational power and signaling.
  • Integrated photonics offers a promising analog processing alternative to digital electronics.
  • An efficient interface between digital electronics and analog photonics is crucial for next-generation hardware.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the bottleneck of efficient interface design in analog photonic systems.
  • To demonstrate a general electro-optic digital-to-analog link (EO-DiAL).
  • To showcase the potential of integrated photonics for advanced computing and communication.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized foundry-based lithium niobate nanophotonics.
  • Developed a general electro-optic digital-to-analog link (EO-DiAL).
  • Employed purely digital inputs for waveform generation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved on-demand generation of optical and electronic waveforms at rates up to 186 Gbit/s.
  • Demonstrated high-fidelity MNIST encoding with low energy consumption (0.058 pJ/bit) for photonic computing.
  • Enabled pulse-shaping-free microwave arbitrary waveform generation with tunable delay and gain.

Conclusions:

  • The developed EO-DiAL provides an efficient digital-to-analog conversion paradigm using integrated photonics.
  • Analog photonic hardware holds transformative potential for computing, optical interconnects, and high-speed ranging.
  • This work paves the way for compact and efficient next-generation communication and computing systems.