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Methods for Comparing Nutrients in Beebread Made by Africanized and European Honey Bees and the Effects on Hemolymph Protein Titers

Methods for Comparing Nutrients in Beebread Made by Africanized and European Honey Bees and the Effects on Hemolymph Protein Titers

Published on: March 17, 2015

Biomonitoring with bees and bee products: multielement profiles including technology-critical elements.

Simone Trimmel¹, Michael Schober¹, Johanna A Lube¹

¹Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria.

Monatshefte Fur Chemie

|February 20, 2026

Summary

Honeybees and their products are effective biomonitors of environmental pollution. Analysis of 48 elements in bee products revealed distinct patterns, confirming their use in tracking regional environmental conditions.

Keywords:

Chemometrics Ecology Mass spectrometry Metals Rare-earth elements

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Analytical Chemistry
Ecotoxicology

Background:

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) and their products serve as valuable biomonitors for environmental pollution.
Assessing elemental composition in various bee products provides insights into local environmental quality.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the elemental content of 48 elements in propolis, bees, pollen, honey, honeycomb, and wax.
To explore matrix-specific patterns and sources of elements using statistical analysis.
To evaluate the suitability of bee products for regional environmental monitoring.

Main Methods:

Samples collected over twelve months from Leoben, Austria.
Microwave-assisted acid digestion followed by ICP-MS/MS analysis.
Univariate, multivariate statistical analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA).

Main Results:

Four distinct matrix clusters identified: propolis; bee; pollen; honey/honeycomb/wax.
Element mass fractions generally decreased in the order: propolis > bee > pollen > wax ≈ honeycomb ≈ honey.
Two analyte groups identified: particle-associated and soluble/bioavailable; REY patterns suggest geogenic sources.

Conclusions:

Bee products exhibit characteristic elemental patterns useful for environmental assessment.
Regional variations in REY patterns in honey samples confirm their potential for tracking environmental conditions across different locations.
The study validates the use of honeybees and their products as sensitive indicators of environmental pollution.