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Related Concept Videos

Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...
Capacitor With A Dielectric01:18

Capacitor With A Dielectric

Parallel plate capacitors consist of two conducting plates separated by a certain distance. However, it is mechanically difficult to hold the large plates parallel to each other without actual contact. Hence, a dielectric layer is commonly placed between the plates, which provides an easy solution for holding the plates together with a small gap and increases the capacitance of the capacitor.
Dielectrics are non-conducting materials with no free or loosely bound electrons. When a dielectric is...
Capacitors01:15

Capacitors

Capacitors play a crucial role in car radios, where they filter and store frequencies to ensure clear signal reception. Essentially serving as energy storage devices, capacitors store energy within their electric field and are composed of two parallel conducting plates separated by a dielectric.
When a voltage source is connected to a capacitor, positive and negative charges accumulate on the opposite plates. This accumulation generates a potential difference that equals the product of the...
Energy Stored in Capacitors01:10

Energy Stored in Capacitors

A parallel plate capacitor, when connected to a battery, develops a potential difference across its plates. This potential difference is key to the operation of the capacitor, as it determines how much electrical energy the capacitor can store.
By integrating the equation that relates voltage and current in a capacitor, one can derive an equation for the voltage across the capacitor at any given time. This equation is crucial in understanding and predicting the behavior of capacitors in...
Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...
MOS Capacitor01:25

MOS Capacitor

A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
The metal gate is typically made from highly conductive materials such as aluminum or polysilicon. Beneath the metal gate lies a thin layer of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
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Published on: April 25, 2020

High-performance solid-state ceramic supercapacitors based on novel NASICON-ionic liquid composite electrolyte.

Hardeep1, Bhargab Sharma1, Neha1

  • 1Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus Vidya Vihar Pilani Rajasthan 333031 India adalvi@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in.

RSC Advances
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study enhances sodium superionic conductor (NZSP) electrolytes with ionic liquids for solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs). The optimized composite achieves high conductivity and stable, high-performance energy storage.

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Evaluating the Electrochemical Properties of Supercapacitors using the Three-Electrode System

Published on: January 7, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High grain-boundary impedance in sodium superionic conductors (NASICONs) limits their application in solid-state batteries and supercapacitors.
  • Sodium-ion conducting NZSP (Na3.45Zr2Si2PO12.225) is a promising material, but its performance is hindered by interfacial resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of NZSP combined with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF4) to improve ionic conductivity for solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs).
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance, stability, and high-temperature operational capabilities of the developed NZSP-EMIMBF4 composite electrolyte in SSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of NZSP and composite electrolytes with varying wt% of EMIMBF4.
  • Characterization using Rietveld refinement and in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction.
  • Fabrication of SSCs using the optimized electrolyte and activated carbon, followed by galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling and electrochemical performance testing.

Main Results:

  • An optimal composition of ∼12 wt% EMIMBF4 in NZSP achieved an ionic conductivity of ∼2.2 × 10-3 Ω-1 cm-1, a nearly three-order-of-magnitude improvement over pristine NZSP.
  • The optimized SSCs demonstrated excellent stability, retaining ~75% capacitance after 15,000 cycles, with a specific capacitance of ~216 F g-1 at 50 °C.
  • The devices exhibited high specific power (~1970 W kg-1) and specific energy (~15 Wh kg-1), along with reliable operation at elevated temperatures (50 °C and 100 °C) and powered a 4 V LED.

Conclusions:

  • The incorporation of EMIMBF4 significantly enhances the ionic conductivity and electrochemical performance of NZSP-based electrolytes for SSCs.
  • The developed solid-state electrolytes offer a promising pathway for stable, high-performance, and high-temperature energy storage applications.
  • The study demonstrates the practical viability of these SSCs for powering low-voltage electronic devices.