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High-performance solid-state ceramic supercapacitors based on novel NASICON-ionic liquid composite electrolyte.

Hardeep1, Bhargab Sharma1, Neha1

  • 1Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus Vidya Vihar Pilani Rajasthan 333031 India adalvi@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in.

RSC Advances
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
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This study enhances sodium superionic conductor (NZSP) electrolytes with ionic liquids for solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs). The optimized composite achieves high conductivity and stable, high-performance energy storage.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High grain-boundary impedance in sodium superionic conductors (NASICONs) limits their application in solid-state batteries and supercapacitors.
  • Sodium-ion conducting NZSP (Na3.45Zr2Si2PO12.225) is a promising material, but its performance is hindered by interfacial resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of NZSP combined with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF4) to improve ionic conductivity for solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs).
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance, stability, and high-temperature operational capabilities of the developed NZSP-EMIMBF4 composite electrolyte in SSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of NZSP and composite electrolytes with varying wt% of EMIMBF4.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Characterization using Rietveld refinement and in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction.
  • Fabrication of SSCs using the optimized electrolyte and activated carbon, followed by galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling and electrochemical performance testing.

    • Main Results:

    • An optimal composition of ∼12 wt% EMIMBF4 in NZSP achieved an ionic conductivity of ∼2.2 × 10-3 Ω-1 cm-1, a nearly three-order-of-magnitude improvement over pristine NZSP.
    • The optimized SSCs demonstrated excellent stability, retaining ~75% capacitance after 15,000 cycles, with a specific capacitance of ~216 F g-1 at 50 °C.
    • The devices exhibited high specific power (~1970 W kg-1) and specific energy (~15 Wh kg-1), along with reliable operation at elevated temperatures (50 °C and 100 °C) and powered a 4 V LED.

    Conclusions:

    • The incorporation of EMIMBF4 significantly enhances the ionic conductivity and electrochemical performance of NZSP-based electrolytes for SSCs.
    • The developed solid-state electrolytes offer a promising pathway for stable, high-performance, and high-temperature energy storage applications.
    • The study demonstrates the practical viability of these SSCs for powering low-voltage electronic devices.