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Related Concept Videos

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
Electrochemical Systems01:24

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Inorganic Sodium Solid-State Electrolytes: Progress, Existing Issues, and Solutions Towards High-Performance all

Lingjun Huang1, Chun Huang1,2,3

  • 1Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK.

Electrochemical Energy Reviews
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solid-state sodium-ion batteries (ASSNIBs) offer a safe, cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries. This review details progress, challenges, and advanced methods for developing high-performance ASSNIBs.

Keywords:
All solid-state batteriesIn-situ/operando techniquesInterface engineeringIonic conductivityMachine learningMixed-ion strategyNa dendriteNa solid-state electrolytes

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are cost-effective for large-scale storage, similar to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
  • Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) enhance NIB safety and energy density, enabling all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries (ASSNIBs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in Na-based SSEs (oxides, sulfides, halides).
  • To critically examine challenges in ASSNIBs, including ionic conductivity and interfacial stability.
  • To highlight advanced characterization and modeling techniques for understanding Na-ion transport.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of Na-based SSEs based on material type.
  • Analysis of crystal structures, ion conduction mechanisms, and electrochemical performance.
  • Review of advanced characterization (cryogenic electron microscopy, in-situ/operando) and machine learning.

Main Results:

  • SSEs are classified into oxides, sulfides, and halides, with varying properties.
  • Key challenges include low ionic conductivity, unstable interfaces, and material costs.
  • Advanced techniques provide deeper insights into Na-ion transport and interfacial dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Microstructural design, mixed-ion approaches, and interface engineering are promising strategies.
  • Future research should focus on rational design and optimization of Na SSEs.
  • Advanced characterization and machine learning are crucial for next-generation ASSNIB development and broader energy storage applications.